What is heredity?
The passing of traits from parents to offspring through genes.
Who is considered the father of genetics?
Gregor Mendel.
What are genes?
Basic units of inheritance located on chromosomes, controlling traits passed from parents to offspring.
What are chromosomes?
Rod-shaped structures in the cell nucleus that contain genes.
What is a phenotype?
The physical appearance or observable traits of an organism.
What is a genotype?
The genetic makeup of an organism, including dominant and recessive alleles.
Define homozygous.
An organism with two identical alleles for a specific trait.
Define heterozygous.
An organism with two different alleles for a specific trait.
What is the Law of Segregation?
Mendel's law stating that genes segregate independently so each parent passes one allele to offspring.
What is the Law of Independent Assortment?
Mendel's second law stating that alleles of different genes assort independently during gamete formation.
What is a monohybrid cross?
A genetic cross involving one pair of contrasting traits.
What phenotypic ratio is observed in a monohybrid F2 generation?
3:1.
What is a dihybrid cross?
A genetic cross involving two pairs of contrasting traits.
What phenotypic ratio is observed in a dihybrid F2 generation?
9:3:3:1.
Define incomplete dominance.
A condition where the heterozygous phenotype is an intermediate of the two homozygous phenotypes.
Give an example of incomplete dominance.
Crossing red and white flowers producing pink offspring.
What is co-dominance?
A condition where both alleles are fully expressed in a heterozygous individual.
Give an example of co-dominance.
Human blood group AB.
What is a haploid cell?
A cell with one set of chromosomes (e.g., gametes).
What is a diploid cell?
A cell with two sets of chromosomes (e.g., zygote).
What causes hereditary variation?
Genetic reshuffling during meiosis and crossing over.
Name two transmittable characters in animals.
Eye color and blood group.
Name two transmittable characters in plants.
Leaf shape and resistance to pests.
What is hybridization?
The process of crossing genetically different plants or animals.
What is a zygote?
A single diploid cell formed from the fusion of male and female gametes.
How do Mendel’s experiments on peas demonstrate inheritance?
By observing predictable trait patterns through generations.
What is the application of genetics in agriculture?
Developing disease-resistant and high-yield crop varieties.
What is the application of genetics in medicine?
Genetic counseling, test-tube babies, and paternity tests.
What is the significance of Mendel’s work?
It laid the foundation for understanding genetic inheritance.
What is the principle of complete dominance?
One allele completely masks the expression of another in heterozygotes.
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